Can Data Centers Become Carbon Removal Hubs? Massachusetts Might Show How
Massachusetts has a uniquely favorable and sophisticated CDR policy framework. It’s also incentivizing green construction and procurement of low-carbon building materials. But at the same time, data centers are increasing in the state. This confluence of factors offers a unique opportunity to pair right-sized DAC facilities with data centers to use their waste heat, capture atmospheric CO2 and store it in Massachusetts’ built environment.
The global consensus is clear: alongside emissions reduction, we need carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies like direct air capture (DAC) at scale to help stabilize the climate.
The data center challenge. Data centers are multiplying in Massachusetts. Their energy and water demands are a growing national concern. One idea gaining interest: putting data centers’ waste heat to work by pairing them with DAC.
Promising policies. Massachusetts’ favorable policy landscape offers an opportunity to explore this approach in the state. Led by its Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, the Commonwealth has a uniquely detailed framework for CDR. The state’s 2050 Clean Energy and Climate Plan (CECP) and decarbonization roadmap includes DAC and other CDR strategies in its net-zero modeling for buildings, transportation, and energy systems.
These policies are matched by meaningful legislation: S.2967 requires state agencies to study CDR approaches, and H. 5100 makes CDR companies eligible for grants and tax incentives, authorizing up to $500 million for climate tech over the next decade.
Harnessing heat. Most DAC technologies use materials called sorbents to capture CO2 from air. Once the CO2 is captured, heat is applied to extract it and re-activate the sorbents. Data centers generate substantial waste heat that can be transferred to DAC facilities via heat-exchange equipment.
A typical Massachusetts data center uses 1 to 10 megawatts, while a paired DAC unit may capture a few thousand tons per year. But small-scale deployments add up: the state already hosts roughly 50 data centers, with more on the way.
Transport and storage. In the absence of geologic storage, captured CO2 can be used in the state’s built environment. Companies like CarbonCure and Carbon to Stone offer mineralization pathways that embed CO2 in concrete and industrial byproduct streams.
There are 32 data centers in greater Boston, with additional clusters in Lowell and Worcester. These regions offer promising opportunities for data center-DAC pairings, with a variety of CO2 transportation options (including freight lines, interstate highways and Boston’s seaport) and proximity to concrete plants and industrial feedstock repositories.
This storage pathway is also backed by promising policy. Updates to the 45Q tax credit in HR. 1 offer CO2 utilization parity with geologic storage, and storage in the built environment may now be eligible for a tax credit of $180 per ton of CO2 stored. Meanwhile, Massachusetts’ Embodied Carbon Intergovernmental Coordinating Council is developing a plan that could encourage or require use of Environmental Product Declarations and low embodied carbon materials for state-led building and transportation projects.
The numbers. Based on the amount of cement it imports, Massachusetts used an average of 7.9 million metric tons of concrete in 2024, which would provide about 0.6 to 1.2 million metric tons of CO2 storage potential. That amount of CO2 could be captured by 50 to 100 DAC plants—each removing 11,000 to 19,000 tonnes per year—paired to 5-megawatt data centers, depending on waste-heat availability and heat-recovery efficiency. This CO2 storage potential may be limited by its cost, and the availability of industrial wastes reactive with CO2 (Figure 2) to make low-carbon aggregates.
Realizing this concept requires rigorous techno-economic analysis and careful assessment of risks and community impacts, including electricity and water use. In fact, water use may be a decisive factor in community acceptance. Traditional evaporative-cooled data centers can withdraw 3 to 5 million gallons of water per MW per year, while DAC–data-center integration can materially reduce this draw by shifting a portion of heat rejection to DAC regeneration instead of evaporation.
Evaluating these water impacts—both avoided and residual—should be a core component of future techno-economic and community impact analyses. But the opportunity to integrate DAC into Massachusetts’ data-center infrastructure—turning one of the state’s fastest-growing energy and water users into an engine for climate progress—is ready for the next step.
Haley McKey
Senior FellowHaley McKey is a senior fellow at the Kleinman Center. She is a carbon dioxide removal communications strategist with a passion for community engagement and responsible CDR deployment.
Hélène Pilorgé
Research Associate, Clean Energy Conversions LabHélène Pilorgé is a research associate with the University of Pennsylvania’s Clean Energy Conversions Laboratory. Her research focuses on carbon accounting of various carbon management solutions and on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping for responsible deployment of carbon management.
Hong-Hanh Chu
Policy Advisor, Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental AffairHong-Hanh Chu is a policy advisor for Carbon Sequestration & Storage at Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs.
Shrey Patel
PhD Candidate, Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringShrey Patel is a PhD candidate in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. His research focuses on the integration of carbon dioxide removal with low carbon energy sources.
Jennifer Wilcox
Presidential Distinguished ProfessorJen Wilcox is Presidential Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering and Energy Policy. She previously served as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management at the Department of Energy.
